The Kranz group studies two different processes that occur in bacteria and plants, using various model organisms that are best suited for each process:

i. Cytochrome c biogenesis pathways (see the figure). Using biochemical, genetic, and immunological approaches, the group studies a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter capsulatus, for System I and Bordetella pertussis as a model for System II. Recombinant E.coli with each system are also used.

ii. The control of gene expression in response to nitrogen in the environment, using R. capsulatus and Arabidopsis.

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Three unique systems have evolved to assemble the c-type cytochromosomes. The assembly proteins for each system are shown. (c-type cytochromes have heme that is covalently linked to two cysteines.)